Which of the following furniture movements was a reaction against the ornate Victorian style?

The Arts and Crafts movement emerged in the late 19th century as a direct response to the decorative and elaborate styles of the Victorian era, which many believed were overly ornate and impersonal. Advocates of the Arts and Crafts movement sought to promote simplicity, craftsmanship, and the beauty of natural materials. This movement emphasized functional design and the inherent beauty of materials, contrasting significantly with the extravagance of Victorian furnishings.

In developing a more straightforward aesthetic, the Arts and Crafts movement focused on handmade products, often incorporating traditional techniques and local materials, which appealed to those looking for authenticity and quality in reaction to industrialization's impact on design and production. Therefore, this movement represents a critical shift in furniture design, aligning distinctly with the values of simplicity, utility, and craftsmanship rather than opulence.